Резюме
Блажеєвський М.Є., Мозгова О.О. Сучасні електрохімічні методи визначення гідроген пероксиду.
Гідроген пероксид (ГП) має неабияке значення для функціонування живих організмів, у фармацевтичній та клінічній практиці, тваринництві, паперовій, гірничодобувній, текстильній, харчовій промисловості тощо. Отже, опрацювання аналітичних методик кількісного визначення H2O2 має практичне значення як для наукових, медичних, фармацевтичних, так і для промислових цілей. Практичні вимоги до методик визначення концентрації ГП включають такі критерії, як селективність, висока чутливість та швидкість виконання аналізу, а також простота, дешевизна та можливість його здійснення за різних умов. У теперішній час запропонована велика кількість методів визначення ГП в різноманітних об’єктах довкілля. Систематизація та аналіз наявних відомостей в цьому напрямку і є основною метою нашого огляду.
Ключові слова: гідроген пероксид, електрохімічні методи.

Резюме
Блажеевский Н.Е., Мозговая Е.А. Современные электрохимические методы определения пероксида водовода.
Пероксид водородa (ГП) имеет большое значение для функционирования живых организмов, в фармацевтической и клинической практике, животноводстве, бумажной, горнодобывающей, текстильной, пищевой промышленности и т.п. Поэтому, разработка аналитических методик количественного определения ГП имеет практическое значение как для научных, медицинских, фармацевтических, так и для промышленных целей. Практические требования к методикам определения концентрации ГП включают такие критерии, как селективность, высокая чувствительность и скорость выполнения анализа, а также простота, дешевизна и возможность его осуществления в разных условиях. В настоящее время предложено большое количество методов определения ГП в различных объектах окружающей среды. Систематизация и анализ имеющихся сведений в этом направлении и является основной целью нашего обзора.
Ключевые слова: пероксид водородa, электрохимические методы.

Summary
Blazheyevskiy M.Ye., Mozgova О.О. Modern electrochemical methods for hydrogen peroxide determination.
Hydrogen peroxide (HP) has a considerable importance for the functioning of living organisms, pharmaceutical and clinical practice, livestock, paper, mining, textile, food industry. Thus, the study of analytical methods of HP quantitative determination has practical significance for scientific, medical, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. Practical requirements for the methods of HP concentration determination include such criteria as high sensitivity, selectivity and high speed of analysis, as well as simplicity, low cost and the ability to implement it in different conditions. At the present time a large number of the methods for HP determining in various objects in external medium were proposed. Systematization and analysis of available data in this area is the main purpose of our review.
Key words: hydrogen peroxide, electrochemical methods.

Рецензент: д.ф.н., проф. С.В. Колісник

УДК 541.138: 54.061/.062: 543.253: 54-39: 541.459

Національний фармацевтичний університет (Харків)

Национальный фармацевтический университет (Харьков)

National University of Pharmacy (Kharkov)

blazejowski@ukr.net , helio_helen@rambler.ru

Hydrogen peroxide (HP) has a considerable importance for the functioning of living organisms, pharmaceutical and clinical practice, livestock, paper, mining, textile, food industry. Thus, the study of analytical methods of HP quantitative determination has practical significance for scientific, medical, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. Practical requirements for the methods of HP concentration determination include such criteria as high sensitivity, selectivity and high speed of analysis, as well as simplicity, low cost and the ability to implement it in different conditions. At the present time a large number of the methods for HP determining in various objects in external medium were proposed. Systematization and analysis of available data in this area is the main purpose of our review.

For the HP quantitative determination such methods as titration, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, luminescence, sometimes with the use of fiber optics, various types of chromatography, chemiluminescence and electrochemical methods of analysis were used.

The electrochemical methods are considered to be the most selective, simple and rapid in performance and cost-effective. For electrochemical HP determination the direct oxidation at the working electrode (eg, platinum or carbon) is widely used.

HP in aqueous solutions can be determined directly by square wave voltammetry. In comparison to DC and differential pulse polarography, this method has following advantages: the scan time is reduced from minutes to a fraction of a second, the sensitivity is increased in several times and the dynamic range has been greatly expanded. The low detection limit of this method to allows apply it the determination of H₂O₂ in some samples of rainwater.

However, the rate of these processes is limited by slow stages electrode reactions, and therefore, high voltage, which significantly reduce the quality of monitoring, and there is an obstructive influence of other electroactive substances such as ascorbic acid, urate, bilirubin, etc.

According to the available literature, current research are aimed at developing new sensors for the H₂O₂ determination, mainly focused on the development of new modified electrodes, which is characterized by overvoltage reduction and accelerated electron transfer. For this purpose for the electrocatalytic determination of H₂O₂ was tested a number of different materials, such as, redox proteins, dyes, transition metals, metal oxides, metal phtalocyanine complexes, porphyrins metal redox polymers and carbon nanotubes was tested. These films act as mediators (mediators) between the electrode and the HP, which is present in solution or formed during the enzymatic reaction. As this activity takes place at a relatively low potential, it is possible to minimize the amount of interfering particles present in solution and obtain selective amperometric and other detectors for H₂O₂ determination.

Also for overvoltage reducing in the development of HP biosensors the variety of enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, etc.) are widely used. Currently, the development of biosensors using new biological materials as biocatalysts is in a great interest for replacing isolated enzymes. It was applied to HP monitoring using bioelectrodes from various biological tissue materials. Examples of such sensors are bioelectrodes based on the fabric vine root, horseradish, pineapple, kohlrabi, lettuce, asparagus, soybean, coconut and bacteria. These detectors have several advantages, namely more pronounced biocatalytic performance, improved stability, and relatively low cost.

However, the instability of enzymes prevents the development of biosensors. Therefore, there is a need to develop nonenzymatic and less expensive strategy for sensitive HP determination. On the other hand, there are nanomaterials, which have attracted much attention of researchers due to their unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that differ from bulk materials. In addition, the size and structure of nanomaterials can be adapted for the design of new sensitive detector bases and improving performance monitoring.

With the fast development of nanotechnology, the interest is rapidly emerging in the exploration of nanomaterials for the highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of H₂O₂ based on the materials’ particular catalytic activities and large surface-to-volume ratio. Complex metal oxide with spinel structure, in spite of the difficulties in achieving high surface area and low resistivity, are very promising as electrocatalysts, because they are active, inexpensive and thermodynamically stable. Different metal oxide particles and nanoparticles have been successfully used for immobilization of enzymes and proteins and their applications in fabrication of hydrogen peroxide biosensor. It is noted that some of the above materials in combination with nanomaterials, have obvious advantages over conventional materials for the determination of H₂O₂.

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